Women facing food insecurity could be at high risk for addiction to highly processed food

A new study(opens in new tab/window) in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics(opens in new tab/window), published by Elsevier, finds that women experiencing food insecurity more frequently report symptoms of food addiction, such as compulsive eating of certain types of food, unsuccessful attempts to cut down and withdrawal symptoms. Further study of addictive mechanisms may be a valuable approach to understand the relationship between food insecurity and the overconsumption of processed foods.

Families experiencing food insecurity often have limited access to nutrient-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, and greater access to less expensive, highly processed foods that are high in refined carbohydrates and fats. Research has found that highly processed foods can activate neural reward responses.

“An emerging line of research suggests that highly processed foods can trigger addictive processes that can lead to a compulsive pattern of overeating, with significant physical and mental health consequences. We know that individuals with food insecurity are more likely to live in an environment dominated by these highly processed foods and are more heavily targeted by the food industry,” explains first author Lindsey Parnarouskis, MS, doctoral candidate, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. “We hypothesized that individuals with food insecurity might be at greater risk for highly processed food addiction, but no one had previously investigated that.”

The study entailed a secondary analysis of data collected in two earlier studies. The Maternal Adiposity, Metabolism and Stress (MAMAS) study, conducted between August 2011 and June 2013, investigated an eight-week mindfulness-based intervention on gestational weight gain in low-income pregnant women in California. Participants were individuals with a body mass index in the overweight or obesity range, with a household income 500% less than US federal poverty guidelines. The Family Food Study (FFS), conducted between September 2018 and December 2019, studied low-income families in Michigan to assess associations between food insecurity, child weight gain and maternal weight gain. Participants were adult female-identified caregivers with children aged 8 through 10 years and a household income less than 200% of the US federal poverty guidelines.

Food security was measured using the US Household Food Security Module. It assesses the frequency of food insecurity experiences, such as worrying whether food would run out before more money arrives to buy more or cutting the size of meals or skipping meals because there was not enough money to buy food. Food addiction was measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a tool that uses substance use disorder criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), adapted to the context of highly processed food. The MAMAS study used the original YFAS based on DSM-IV; the FFS study used a modified version based on DSM-5. Use of different versions of the YFAS as the outcome measure means that these results cannot necessarily be compared meaningfully across samples.

The researchers found no significant demographic differences between participants in food-secure and food-insecure households. Participants in food-insecure households in both samples reported significantly more food-addiction symptoms compared with participants in food-secure households. In MAMAS, pregnant individuals in food-insecure households had 21% more food addiction symptoms than individuals from food-secure households. In FFS, caregivers in food-insecure households had 56% more food addiction symptoms than caregivers in food-secure households.

“A key strength of the study is that we observed consistent associations across two distinct samples of low-income female adults with a high prevalence of food insecurity,” observes lead investigator Cindy W. Leung, ScD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Public Health Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. “Despite data collected in different geographic regions, at different time periods, and different stages of parenthood or caregiving, the similarity of the associations suggests that this link between food insecurity and food addiction is concerning and deserves further continued investigation.”

Ms. Parnarouskis notes that since this is the first study to report this association, further research is needed to replicate these preliminary findings and test in other samples to generalize to the broader population, particularly because YFAS has not been psychometrically validated in either food-insecure or pregnant individuals. It is possible that endorsement of food addiction symptoms in food-insecure individuals reflects increased hedonic urges to eat any available foods, not just highly processed foods typically implicated in food addiction.

In an accompanying editorial(opens in new tab/window), lead author Kara A. Christensen, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA, and coauthors point to the necessity of further qualitative and quantitative testing of measures assessing eating behaviors to validate their use in populations with food insecurity. Furthermore, they urge researchers to work together to conduct psychometric validations of eating behavior measures that incorporate the intersectional identities common to people with food insecurity.

Dr. Christensen and coauthors emphasize that “considering the reasons that eating behavior measures such as the YFAS could conceivably capture different constructs in people with food insecurity, one must be cautious in interpreting findings using these measures to avoid overpathologizing or misclassifying behaviors. Thus, to advance understanding of maladaptive eating behaviors in these populations and enhance confidence in findings, more psychometric testing of measures is required in populations with food insecurity. Such studies will enhance the field’s ability to understand phenomena related to food insecurity and to draw conclusions that can positively impact public health, nutrition and dietetics, public policy and mental health treatment.”

“If families with low incomes have disproportionate access to food with addictive potential, this represents an important social justice issue, on a par with lack of access to clean water or adequate housing, which needs to be addressed through systemic policy and environmental changes,” Dr. Leung concludes. “We need more research on what mechanisms are driving this association to inform policies to ensure that people have equitable access to nutritious food.”

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Notes for editors

The article is “Association of Food Insecurity and Food Addiction Symptoms: A Secondary Analysis of Two Samples of Low-Income Female Adults,” by Lindsey Parnarouskis, MS; Ashley N. Gearhardt, PhD; Ashley E. Mason, PhD; Nancy E. Adler, PhD; Barbara A. Laraia, PhD, MPH, RD; Elissa S. Epel, PhD; and Cindy W. Leung, ScD, MPH (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.04.015(opens in new tab/window)).

It is openly available at https://www.jandonline.org/article/S2212-2672(22)00310-0/fulltext(opens in new tab/window).

The Maternal Adiposity, Metabolism, and Stress study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL097973-02 and K23HL133442). The Family Food Study was funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (4R00HD084758).

The editorial is “Measures Used with Populations with Food Insecurity: A Call for Increased Psychometric Validation,” by Kara A. Christensen, PhD, Vivienne M. Hazzard, PhD, MPH, RD, Brianne N. Richson, MA, and Kelsey E. Hagan, PhD (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.05.017(opens in new tab/window)). It is openly available at https://www.jandonline.org/article/S2212-2672(22)00311-2/fulltext(opens in new tab/window).

Both the article and the editorial appear in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, volume122, issue 10 (October 2022), published by Elsevier.

Full text of the article and editorial is also available to credentialed journalists upon request. Contact Eileen Leahy at +1 732 238 3628 or [email protected](opens in new tab/window) to obtain copies. Journalists who wish to interview the study authors should contact Lindsey Parnarouskis, MS, at [email protected](opens in new tab/window). To reach the editorial’s authors for comment, contact Kara A. Christensen, PhD, at [email protected](opens in new tab/window).

An accompanying podcast and information specifically for journalists are located at www.jandonline.org/content/media(opens in new tab/window). Excerpts from the podcast may be reproduced by the media; contact Eileen Leahy to obtain permission.

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The official journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics(opens in new tab/window), the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics(opens in new tab/window) is the premier source for the practice and science of food, nutrition, and dietetics. The monthly, peer-reviewed journal presents original articles prepared by scholars and practitioners and is the most widely read professional publication in the field. The Journal focuses on advancing professional knowledge across the range of research and practice issues such as: nutritional science, medical nutrition therapy, public health nutrition, food science and biotechnology, food service systems, leadership and management and dietetics education. 

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